Difference between revisions of "Electromagnetic Potentials"

Revision as of 13:30, 4 November 2016

The basic idea here is that the electromagnetic potentials [math]\phi[/math] and [math]A[/math] and their derivatives can be used to derive all electromagnetism.

Comment Record

Beginning with the velocity-dependent electromagnetic potential, one normally may derive the Lorentz force from it. This occurs by substituting a gradient term via an approximate, rather than exact, vector identity [math]\nabla (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v}) = \nabla_\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})[/math]. This is "allowed" normally because velocities in Special Relativity are not an explicit function of the coordinates, a matter simply assumed to be fact.^[1] However, by taking velocity to be an explicit function of the coordinates, as per the S.R.-like Lorentz Ether theory, the extra force term not seen in the Lorentz force appears, which is [math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})[/math]. S.H.O. ^talk 03:18, 12 September 2016 (PDT)

So herein, the actual vector identity for the gradient of a dot is employed, resulting in mathematical consistency, as opposed to "magically" waving away the velocity-gradient terms as is usually done to impose consistency of the Electromagnetic Lagrangian with the Lorentz Force. These extra terms are gauge-dependent, and so an appropriate gauge must be selected (by Nature itself) to render these (heretical) gauge-dependent forces meaningful. Applying the Lorenz gauge would make it consistent with the finite speed of light, while applying the Coulomb gauge would imply dependence of the force on the instaneous position of the sources of electromagnetic potential. S.H.O. ^talk 13:37, 28 August 2016 (PDT)

The extra force term [math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})[/math] consists of a changing effective mass-correction term (in units of kg/s) multiplied by a velocity. Such a force is not preserved under Galilean transformations, but neither is the derivative [math]\frac{d(m\mathbf{v})}{dt} = m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} + \mathbf{v} \frac{dm}{dt}[/math]. The extra force term is essentially a [math]\mathbf{v} \frac{dm}{dt}[/math] term and could conceivably substitute for it, unless other terms may also assume a similar role (more on this below). Such forces change the time-like component of the relativistic 4-momentum, and therefore they are related to changes of rest energy of a particle (charge) subject to potentials, as viewed by an arbitrary inertial observer. Whatever other such terms may be, after cancelling the terms on both sides, what remains on the left hand side is equal to [math]m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}[/math] of the particle (charge) and the right hand side yields the standard Lorentz force on the particle (charge). Unlike the 4-momentum, which is Lorentz invariant, the 3-momentum (i.e. the set of the 3 space-like components of the 4-momentum) is not. The Lorentz force, as normally expressed, only deals with changes of the 3-momentum over time. An observer may observe the time-like component of its 4-momentum transform as it changes velocity resulting in an unaccounted for "thrust", particularly if the time-like component of the momentum [math]E/c[/math] in some way depends on the velocity-dependent electromagnetic potentials, which in turn would yield, in effect, a velocity-dependent rest mass.

To allude this possibility, consider that in cases where there are changing charge densities due to divergent/convergent electrical currents, and yet where current densities are constant, the kinetic forces [math]m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}[/math] between charges do not sum to zero. A key such example of another non-Galilean invariant terms involving the variation mass over time at a given velocity, is the hypothetical Longitudinal force density conceived by Koen J. van Vlaenderen in his 2015 paper "General Classical Electrodynamics"^[2], which from equations (2.8) and (2.9) can be written as [math]\mathbf{f}_L(\mathbf{x}) = \mathbf{J} (- \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A})[/math]. The extra force term, adapted to help generalize Whittaker's force law to cover field force densities, was intended to preserve Newton's Third Law of Motion ("For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"). Under the Lorenz gauge condition, this equals [math]\mathbf{f}_L(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{dq}{dV} \mathbf{v} \left( \epsilon_0 \mu_0 \frac{∂\varphi}{∂t} \right) = \frac{d(E_{coulomb})}{c^2dtdV} \mathbf{v}[/math], which when integrated over volume elements [math]dV[/math] gives [math]\frac{d(m_{coulomb})}{dt} \mathbf{v} = \frac{d(E_{coulomb})}{c^2dt} \mathbf{v}[/math]. When this [math]\mathbf{v} \frac{dm}{dt}[/math] type term is subtracted from both sides of the full force equation (a [math]\frac{d(m \mathbf{v})}{dt}[/math] type equation), we once again return to the Lorentz 3-force, which is the standard electromagnetic force of type [math]\mathbf{F} = m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = m\mathbf{a}[/math]. S.H.O. ^talk 03:18, 12 September 2016 (PDT)

Background

According Emil John Konopinski, a nuclear scientist^[3] and professor of Mathematics^[4] who worked on the Manhattan Project^[5], the electromagnetic fields [math]\mathbf{E}[/math] and [math]\mathbf{B}[/math] can be re-expressed in terms of the electromagnetic potentials [math]\varphi[/math] and [math]A[/math] through substitutions. From his article on "What the electromagnetic vector potential describes"^[6], he presents the equation of motion for a localized point charge:

[math]d(M\mathbf{v})/dt = q \left[ \mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}/c \right]\ (Gaussian\ units)[/math]:

[math]d(M\mathbf{v})/dt = q \left[ \mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} \right]\ (SI\ units)[/math]

With the standard substitutions for the fields in terms of the potentials, which were taken to be:

[math]\mathbf{E} = - \nabla \varphi - \frac{∂\mathbf{A}}{c∂t}\ (Gaussian\ units)[/math]

[math]\mathbf{E} = - \nabla \varphi - \frac{∂\mathbf{A}}{∂t}\ (SI\ units)[/math]

[math]\mathbf{B} = \nabla \times \mathbf{A}\ [/math]

Konopinski determined the function relating the time derivative of the "total" momentum with the velocity-dependent potential, as evaluated by an inertial observer who sees the localized charge [math]q[/math] of mass [math]m[/math] travelling with velocity [math]\mathbf{v}[/math] which is subject to a magnetic vector potential [math]\mathbf{A}[/math] and an electric scalar potential [math]\varphi[/math].

[math]\frac{d}{dt} \left[ M\mathbf{v} + (q/c)\mathbf{A} \right] = - q \left[ \nabla \varphi - (\mathbf{v}/c) \cdot \mathbf{A} \right]\ (Gaussian\ units)[/math]

[math]\frac{d}{dt} \left[ M\mathbf{v} + q\mathbf{A} \right] = - q \left[ \nabla \varphi - \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A} \right]\ (SI\ units)[/math]

The terms on the right can be separated as follows:

[math]\frac{d}{dt} \left[ M\mathbf{v} + q\mathbf{A} \right] = - q \nabla \varphi + q \nabla (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A})\ (SI\ units)[/math]

Using Feynman subscript notation, we can separate the last term on the right into two separate terms:

[math]q\nabla (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = q\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) + q\nabla_\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A})[/math]

In an article titled "A Discussion on the Magnetic Vector Potential"^[7], Cyril W. Smith (Professor Ph.D of Electronic and Electrical Engineering from 1964-1989^[8]), the last term (without the charge [math]q[/math]) can be expressed as:

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \begin{matrix} \mathbf{a}_x \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂x} + v_y \frac{∂A_y}{∂x} + v_z \frac{∂A_z}{∂x} \right] \\ \mathbf{a}_y \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂y} + v_y \frac{∂A_y}{∂y} + v_z \frac{∂A_z}{∂y} \right] \\ \mathbf{a}_z \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂z} + v_y \frac{∂A_y}{∂z} + v_z \frac{∂A_z}{∂z} \right] \end{matrix}[/math]

Written in this form, [math]\mathbf{a}_x[/math], [math]\mathbf{a}_y[/math], and [math]\mathbf{a}_z[/math] are the unit basis vectors for x, y, and z, respectively. However, for the purposes of the S.H.O. Drive Wiki Site, [math]\mathbf{a}[/math] will stand for the vector for acceleration, so it doesn't hurt that the standard variables for the basis vectors are really [math]\mathbf{e}_x[/math], [math]\mathbf{e}_y[/math], and [math]\mathbf{e}_z[/math].

Predictably, the values for first term on the right (without the charge [math]q[/math]) can be expressed as:

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \begin{matrix} \left[ A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂x} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂x} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂x} \right] \mathbf{e}_x \\ \left[ A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂y} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂y} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂y} \right] \mathbf{e}_y \\ \left[ A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂z} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂z} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂z} \right] \mathbf{e}_z \end{matrix}[/math]

The sum of the first and last terms gives:

[math]\nabla (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \begin{matrix} \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂x} + v_y \frac{∂A_y}{∂x} + v_z \frac{∂A_z}{∂x} + A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂x} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂x} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂x} \right] \mathbf{e}_x \\ \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂y} + v_y \frac{∂A_y}{∂y} + v_z \frac{∂A_z}{∂y} + A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂y} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂y} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂y} \right] \mathbf{e}_y \\ \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂z} + v_y \frac{∂A_y}{∂z} + v_z \frac{∂A_z}{∂z} + A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂z} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂z} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂z} \right] \mathbf{e}_z \end{matrix}[/math]

By choosing the [math]x[/math] Cartesian axis so that it is aligned with the velocity [math]\mathbf{v}[/math] of charge [math]q[/math] such that [math]\mathbf{v}/|\mathbf{v}| = \mathbf{\hat{v}} = \mathbf{e}_x[/math], the above reduces to:

[math]\nabla (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \begin{matrix} \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂x} + A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂x} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂x} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂x} \right] \mathbf{e}_x \\ \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂y} \right] \mathbf{e}_y \\ \left[ v_x \frac{∂A_x}{∂z} \right] \mathbf{e}_z \end{matrix}[/math]

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A})[/math] simplifies to:

[math]\left[ \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a}/|\mathbf{v}| \right] \mathbf{\hat{v}} = \left[ A_x \frac{∂v_x}{∂x} + A_y \frac{∂v_y}{∂x} + A_z \frac{∂v_z}{∂x} \right] \mathbf{e}_x[/math]

The above may also be expressed as:

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v}) = (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{v} / |\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

Draft

The field experienced by a charge [math]q[/math] viewed at rest in a static electromagnetic field is:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{rest,static}/q = - \nabla \varphi[/math]

The field experienced by a charge [math]q[/math] viewed at rest in a dynamic electromagnetic field is:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{rest,dynamic}/q = - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t[/math]

The field experienced by a moving charge [math]q[/math] in a dynamic electromagnetic field (ignoring dilation of proper time relative to coordinate time) is:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,dynamic}/q = - \nabla \varphi_q - ∂\mathbf{A}_q/∂t[/math]

Where:

• [math]\varphi_q = \varphi - \mathbf{v} \cdot A[/math] is the scalar potential experienced by the moving charge.^[9]

• [math]∂ \mathbf{A}_q/∂t = ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A}[/math] is the partial time derivative of the magnetic vector potential experienced by the moving charge.

Substituting per the above, the field experienced by the moving charge [math]q[/math] is:

[math]\mathbf{F}/q = - \nabla (\varphi-\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t - (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A}[/math]

[math]\mathbf{F}/q = - \nabla \varphi + \nabla (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t - (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A}[/math]

Using Feynman subscript notation:

[math]\nabla (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) + \nabla_\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A})[/math]

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{v} \times \nabla \times \mathbf{A} + (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A}[/math]

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{A} \times \nabla \times \mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

Substuting for the curl of the vector potential and the curl of the immediate velocity field for a moving charge, we have:

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A}[/math]

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

Where:

[math]\mathbf{B} = \nabla \times \mathbf{A}[/math] is the magnetic field.

[math]\mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} = \nabla \times \mathbf{v}[/math] is the angular rate of deflection.

Substituting per the above, the field experienced by the moving charge is:

[math]\mathbf{F}/q = - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A} + \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v} - (\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{A}[/math]

[math]\mathbf{F}/q = - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

This field includes the field from Lorentz plus two additional terms:

[math]\mathbf{F}/q = \mathbf{F}_{Lorentz}/q + \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

[math](\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math] is the dot product of the magnetic vector potential with the gradient of the velocity field.

For a velocity field defined in the immediate neighborhood of a moving charge [math]q[/math] at point [math]p[/math], where the local [math](\nabla_\mathbf{v} \mathbf{A})_p[/math] is a tangent vector on [math]\mathbf{A}[/math] (the Lie derivative of [math]\mathbf{v}[/math] along [math]\mathbf{A}[/math]), the above is equivalent to:

[math](\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v} = |\mathbf{A}|(\nabla_\mathbf{v} \mathbf{A})_p = (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{a}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

Where [math]\mathbf{a}[/math] is the convective acceleration of the charge, which equals:

[math]\mathbf{a} = (∂\mathbf{v}/∂x)|(∂\mathbf{x}/∂t)|[/math]

If the charge is taken as a point particle, the convective acceleration is the same as the acceleration.

[math]\mathbf{a} = ∂²\mathbf{x}/∂t²[/math]

[math]\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v}[/math] is the cross product of the magnetic vector potential and the angular rate of deflection.

[math]\mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} = (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{a})/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

When fields are static, the field experienced by a moving charge is:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,static}/q = - \nabla \varphi + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

So for the case of static fields, the field on an accelerating charge is:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,static}/q = - \nabla \varphi + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + \mathbf{A} \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{a})/|\mathbf{v}|^2 + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{a}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

While the power on an accelerating charge q subject to a static field is:

[math]P_{moving,static} = q \left[\ -\nabla \varphi \cdot \mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{v} \times B) \cdot \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{A} \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{a}) \cdot \mathbf{v}/|\mathbf{v}|^2 + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})(\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{v})/|\mathbf{v}|^2\ \right][/math]

[math]P_{moving,static} = q \left[\ -\nabla \varphi \cdot \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{A} \times (\hat{\mathbf{v}} \times \mathbf{a}) \cdot \hat{\mathbf{v}} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{v}})(\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{v}})\ \right][/math]

The field on a moving charge in a changing electromagnetic field becomes:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,dynamic}/q = - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + \mathbf{A} \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{a})/|\mathbf{v}|^2 + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{a}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

Summarizing the derivation of the last two terms above, we have:

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{A} \times \nabla \times \mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

[math]\mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} = \nabla \times \mathbf{v}[/math] is the angular rate of deflection.

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v}[/math]

[math]\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{ω}_\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{A} \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{a})/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

[math](\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla)\mathbf{v} = (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{a}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = \mathbf{A} \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{a})/|\mathbf{v}|^2 + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{a}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

A concise alternative to the above is:

[math]\nabla_\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{A}) = (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{v}/|\mathbf{v}|^2 [/math]

The field on a moving charge [math]q[/math] in a changing electromagnetic field becomes:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,dynamic}/q = - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{v}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

The power on a moving charge [math]q[/math] in a changing electromagnetic field becomes:

[math]P_{moving,dynamic} = q \left[\ \left(-\nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t\right) \cdot \mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a})(\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{v})/|\mathbf{v}|^2\ \right][/math]

[math]P_{moving,dynamic} = q \left[\ \left(-\nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t\right) \cdot \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a}\ \right][/math]

Caveat

If the parent section to this subsection is correct, that the field on a moving charge [math]q[/math] in a changing electromagnetic field becomes:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,dynamic}/q = - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} + (\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{v}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]

The next question one may have is if the force generated by multiplying the field by the charge value (i.e. [math]\mathbf{F}_{moving,dynamic}[/math]) is a [math]\frac{d(m \mathbf{v})}{dt}[/math] type force or a [math]m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = m\mathbf{a}[/math] type force. If the latter is true, then the presence of a permanent magnet having a magnetic moment [math]\mathbf{m}[/math] in the vicinity of a copper loop, which provides the vector potential [math]\mathbf{A}[/math], would cause the effective inductance to change via the last term on the right [math](\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{a})\mathbf{v}/|\mathbf{v}|^2[/math]. However, the last term on the right is a [math]\mathbf{v} \frac{dm}{dt}[/math] type term. If this is indeed the case, then such a term cannot contribute to acceleration and therefore may not contribute to any changes to velocity. Rather this force would be seen as changing the "effective-inertia" of the charge, implying that the term in essence carries with it, in part, the mass of other objects which provide the vector potential [math]\mathbf{A}[/math], in addition to the mass of the charge [math]q[/math]. It could very be argued that mass is not a property of a particle-in-itself but rather a property of a particle coupled to the potentials and/or fields of other particles, such that the mass is the result of exchange forces between particles. If that is true, then to derive the force in terms of the common definition of [math]\mathbf{F} = m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = m\mathbf{a}[/math], the last term should be subtracted from both sides. The result of doing so is the usual Lorentz Force:

[math]\mathbf{F}_{Lorentz} = m \mathbf{a} = q \left[\ - \nabla \varphi - ∂\mathbf{A}/∂t + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}\ \right][/math]

According to Kirk T. McDonald, professor of High-Energy Experimental Physics at Princeton,^[10] the presence of a stationary permanent magnet does not affect the inductance of a stationary solenoid.^[11] This indicates that the extra term above cannot be allowed to affect in anyway the acceleration of a charge moving through the field of a magnet. This is great news for the S.H.O. Drive project because it means that it will not take additional energy to drive current to repel the central permanent magnet. The above predicted additional force term (depending on the gauge-dependent Magnetic Vector Potential) may be used to help enforce the rule of conservation of momentum (in 3-space) in the case of time-varying charge densities produced by non-radiating, discontinuous, yet constant current densities. We can add to this contribution the force term suggested by Koen J. van Vlaenderen in his 2015 paper "General Classical Electrodynamics"^[12] (as mentioned in the Comment Record section above) which is dependent on the gauge-dependent Electric Scalar Potential. Perhaps both of theses "forces" only change "mass" not velocity, or perhaps more accurately, they change the inertia that a charge carries by virtue of interactions via the Magnetic Vector Potential and Electric Scalar Potential.

So in the end, the actual accelerations of charges in 3-space would appear to follow exactly from what you would expect Special Relativity / Lorentz force to predict, but perhaps there are indeed underlying and non-apparent energy and force exchanges that may prove more apparent in future discoveries. Sincerely, S.H.O. ^talk 14:53, 15 September 2016 (PDT)

References

1. ↑ http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~gut/notes/cm/lect_09.pdf ("The triple cross product can be written in a more compact form where we use the fact that the velocity is not an explicit function of the coordinates.")
2. ↑ http://vixra.org/abs/1512.0297
3. ↑ Emil Konopinski, 78, Atomic Bomb Scientist, New York Times
4. ↑ Eugene Greuling at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
5. ↑ (October 1991). "Obituary: Emil J. Konopinski". Physics Today 44 (10): 144. Digital object identifier: 10.1063/1.2810306.
6. ↑ http://exvacuo.free.fr/div/Sciences/Dossiers/EM/ScalarEM/J%20Konopinski%20-%20What%20the%20Electromagnetic%20Vector%20Potential%20Describes%20-%20ajp_46_499_78.pdf
7. ↑ http://www.overunityresearch.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=2470.0;attach=13908
8. ↑ http://www.positivehealth.com/author/cyril-smith-ph-d
9. ↑ http://exvacuo.free.fr/div/Sciences/Dossiers/EM/ScalarEM/J%20Konopinski%20-%20What%20the%20Electromagnetic%20Vector%20Potential%20Describes%20-%20ajp_46_499_78.pdf
10. ↑ http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/
11. ↑ Self Inductance of a Solenoid with a Permanent-Magnet Core http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/magsol.pdf
12. ↑ http://vixra.org/abs/1512.0297

See also

• Magnetic Energy
• The Anatomy of a Physical Expression
• Functions composed of Physical Expressions

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